Life Path Of W.E.B. Dubois - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 510 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: W.E.B Dubois Essay Did you like this example? W.e.b Dubois Research paper Being famous for standing up for your culture and your rights as a black folk is the most powerful thing a African American can do. The foremost black leader during the first half of the twentieth century, William Edward Burghardt Dubois, also known as W.e.b Dubois. He was influential in African American Literature and one of Americas classics. He was an American civil rights activist, sociologist, and writer who is famous for being the foremost black leader opposing racism and fighting the civil rights of African Americans. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, he was the   son of Alfred DuBois and Mary Silvina Burghardt; Dubois was raised in a small, predominantly white town. When he was two his father deserted the family and despite their financialdifficulties, he succeeded in school. As an adolescent Dubois realized his calling when a white girl refused a visiting card from him because he was an African American.   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life Path Of W.E.B. Dubois" essay for you Create order In 1884, Dubois graduated from high school as valedictorian of his class. He went on to Fisk University in Nashville, TN where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1888. Later that year Dubois entered Harvard University. In 1895, he completed his doctoral degree making him the first African American to receive a Ph.D. His essay written as a requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870, was published as No. 1 in the Harvard Historical Series. Dubois began his professional career in 1896, accepting an offer from the University of   Pennsylvania to write a study on African American in the Philadelphia population. This resulted   in the publication of The Philadelphia Negro, but after being refused a job at the university because of his race, Dubois accepted a position at the Atlantic University in 1897. Over the next few years the school published over sixteen studies covering a number of aspects of sociology in   African Americans. First contribution that W.e.b dubois made was being a civil rights activist.   In an article written by W.E.B. Du Bois he said, The sincere and passionate belief that somewhere between men and cattle God created a tertium quid, and called it a negro (Du Bois). In the late 19th and 20th centuries a strong push for economic and social progress for African-Americans was being made. The prominent leaders of this movement amongst the Black community were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois, however, they had very differing views on how to achieve this goal (PBS.org). Washington and Du Bois essentially split the Black community into two parties, radical and conservative. Du Bois, the radical, preached for a strong political and civil rights agenda, and uplift for Blacks through education. Washington pushed for Blacks to accept their racial discrimination until they had proven themselves through hard work and self help (PBS.org). That is why Du Bois push for higher education and political action were the means to equal citizenship for Blacks in a White supremacist America.

Procurement And Sourcing Of The Supply Chain Management

Procurement and Sourcing Each company also needs to manage the links in the supply chain that it owns and to connect with outsourced vendor fulfillment partners and materials suppliers. Managing the process involves ensuring production for internal inventories of products in one or more catalogs , generating and updating sourcing agreements, integrating shipping notices into the operating system, facilitating delivery notifications and managing inspection certificates. Customer Notifications Customers today also want to know about company supply chains before placing orders because their own customers have many concerns about the environment, ethical sourcing, manufacturing transparency and sustainability. A fully customized supply chain management feature can provide information to customers directly through the websites and generate notifications when suppliers, vendors or supply chain details change. Customers can look for parts based on serial numbers, study materials and request special fabrications based on supply chain information. Managing the supply chain requires custom capabilities from eCommerce software. The more advanced and customized the software s capabilities are, the better the customer s experience will be. Few areas of business offer more ways for companies to build customer loyalty than fostering greater product visibility through intuitive software solutions that manage B2B warehousing and product supply chains. Facilitating Seamless VendorShow MoreRelatedProcurement and Sourcing: Contribution to Supply Chain Management8281 Words   |  34 PagesOn PROCUREMENT AND SOURCING: Contribution to the supply chain Submitted By Zohaib Rauf (Reg. :MBA -13409) Hasnain Haider (Reg. :MBA -5871) Supervisor Dr. Masood JANUARY 20, 2009 For the subject: Supply Chain Management Class ID: 5055 Timings: Monday / Thursday 3-6 pm 1|P a ge Letter of Transmittal July 8th, 2009 Dr. Masood, Project Supervisor, Iqra University Dear Sir: We are submitting our report on â€Å"Procurement and sourcing: contribution to the supply chainRead MoreImproving Procurement And Sourcing Efficiency1475 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness organization’s supply chain. Businesses are feeling the difficulty to improve procurement and sourcing efficiency. The value that can be achieved through successful procurement practices is often a lot harder to achieve than many companies actually realize. If a company expects to grow and survive, it constantly needs to add value. Procurement is one area that has become a critical area of focus to create a more competitive and efficient supply chain. In the past, procurement was seen as insignificantRead MoreProcurement: Purchasing Management Association1205 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Procurement Introduction  to  Procurement     Quiz  #  1   True/False  (1  mark  per  question)   1.   Competition  today  is  no  longer  between  firms;  it  is  between  the  supply  chains  of  those  firms.   True  Ã‚   False   2.   There  is  a  definitive  and  prescriptive  set  of  supply  chain  measures  that  applies  to  all  supply  chains.   True   False  Ã‚   3.   The  knowledge  and  skills  demanded  of  today’s  supply  professional  is  the  same  as  before.   True  Ã‚   False   4.   The  key  to  the  success  of  any  company  is  the  quality  of  its  employeesRead MoreW1a Introduction1481 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is purchasing? MS6323 Strategic Sourcing and Procurement KK Lam Week 1a Summer 2015 2 What is purchasing? Or Part of Supply Chain (Manufacturing) Perspectives on purchasing 1 As a function – To perform specialised tasks 2 As a process – To achieve an output 3 As a link in the supply chain 4 As a relationship 5 As a discipline – Knowledge based 6 As a profession – Demonstrable skills and knowledge – With production and warehousing – Internal and external focus 3 SCM activitiesRead MoreE-Procurement Tools1518 Words   |  7 Pagesare a large number of E-procurement tools that could be distinguished in the marketplace (de Boer et al., 2001). Some of them are already well developed and highly accepted in the marketplace; nonetheless, there are numerous E-procurement tools that are immature and require further development (Wang, 2006). For the purpose for this paper, we aim to focus on the E-procurement tools that are widely accepted in the government and private sectors. The four most common E-procurement tools being used consistRead MoreTransformation Of Procurement Practices For Non Production And Indirect Functions1158 Words   |  5 PagesTransformation of procurement practices for Non-production Indirect Functions This paper will focus on the concepts of transformation in procurement practices for non- production indirect functions while comparing contrasting the impacts of the same in varied fields (Retail / Aerospace Defense). The economic scenario since the late eighties forced companies to reduce costs to improve bottom-line profits. Although indirect procurement costs were considered as â€Å"fixed / insignificant† and muchRead MoreE Procurement System : Information Technology Based System1384 Words   |  6 PagesAn e-procurement system is an information technology based system which is at the input end of the supply chain. These systems have been increasingly connected and embedded with other infrastructures to initiate growth of the companies. Due to which, they have become an integral part of the supply chain management. E-procurement system can improve the effectiveness of operation processes and transparency of supply chain since it helps to improve the efficiency of va lue creation. E-procurement hasRead MoreStrategic Sourcing Of A Supply Chain Management1271 Words   |  6 PagesResponsible Sourcing Before a supply chain manager can truly understand strategic sourcing, they must have a good working knowledge of the purchasing and procurement processes, which I will explain in detail later in my research. Strategic sourcing is an aspect of supply chain management that is becoming more prevalent in the business world. Without strategic sourcing a firm will not and cannot maximize the potential of its supply chain and altogether meet the company’s overall business goalsRead More1.1 Explain the Importance of Effective Supply Chain Management in Achieving Your Organizational Objectives.1528 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Explain the importance of effective supply chain management in achieving your organizational objectives. Supply Chain Management as defined as Maximising added value and reducing total cost across the entire trading process through focusing on speed and certainty of response to the market†. Competitive Edge through Core Competencies Todays business climate has rapidly changed and has become more competitive as ever in nature. Businesses now not only need to operate at a lower cost toRead MoreEssay on What ´s Strategic Sourcing?1402 Words   |  6 Pagesthat manage your supplies and impact your ability to deliver in the marketplace. Strategic sourcing is the springboard for supply management – there are a lot of processes: whether forecasting and planning on the front end or back end supplier management and score carding. Strategic sourcing is where it all starts and you select suppliers that enhance your firm’s capabilities which affect your bottom line and enter into long-term relationships. You manage the performance of that supply base and on an

Thorn Queen Chapter Four Free Essays

string(22) " to stop for teatime\." We left as soon as etiquette said we could. I tried using Shaya’s argument about eccentric queens doing whatever they wanted, but it didn’t work on her. She said if we didn’t stay a certain amount of time, I’d appear intimidated by Maiwenn. We will write a custom essay sample on Thorn Queen Chapter Four or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, we stuck around a bit longer than I liked before finally making formal farewells to the others. Kiyo was preoccupied with a group of well-wishers, but he looked up at my departure and smiled. He mouthed the word soon. My group rode back in a subdued mood. The urgency was gone, and I think my glum attitude threw a cloud over everyone. Seeing Maiwenn and Kiyo had bothered me more than I liked to admit, and Dorian†¦well, that was another story. For now, I wanted nothing more than to cross over to my own world, throw on pajamas, and watch mindless TV. Possibly while eating ice cream. And as our journey continued, ice cream sounded more and more appealing once we crossed back into the Thorn Land. The sun was sinking, but heat still radiated off the sand and rocks. It wouldn’t dissipate for another couple hours, and even at midnight, the temperature probably wouldn’t drop below seventy. I’d changed back to my shorts and sunglasses before leaving Maiwenn’s, so again, the heat didn’t bother me as much as it did the others. Dorian had claimed my sundress would catch on as a fashion trend; I wondered if shorts would as well. â€Å"There’s a village ahead,† murmured Rurik. I snapped out of my daydreams and followed his gesture. Sure enough, a small cluster of buildings darkened the horizon. Like my castle, it was something more suited to a medieval British landscape than the desert. Considering how infrequently I visited my kingdom, this was the first settlement I’d seen outside of the castle. It unnerved me a little, my discomfort growing when I saw that our road went straight through the town. Damned twisting Otherworld. This village hadn’t been here on our earlier trip. And for that reason, I knew better than to suggest we go around it. With the way this world worked, a slight deviation could toss us into the Rowan Land or add hours onto our trip. Steeling myself, I tightened my grip on the reins, deciding that this place looked small and wouldn’t take long to clear. When we entered its outskirts, though, I discovered something that made me lose my resolve. The road was lined with people. It was like everyone in the town had come out to see us pass through. They stood along the sides, staring at my party and again looking like extras from some medieval movie. Except, it must have been a low-budget movie. The people’s clothes were ragged and dirty, their faces gaunt. Everyone seemed too skinny, even the children and babies held in parental arms. My unease grew as we rode deeper into the heart of the village. I hated crowds and having eyes upon me. There was something discomfiting about this particular group. Their expressions were either completely blank or†¦well, terrified. Everything was dead silent. â€Å"What are they scared of?† I whispered to Rurik. He gave me an amused glance. â€Å"You, of course.† â€Å"Me?† I squeaked. Glancing at my attire, I tried to imagine how out of place I looked here. Was my foreignness that frightening? â€Å"You’re their queen. Everyone knows how you slaughtered Aeson-and that isn’t a particularly heartwarming tale. Likewise, Storm King’s legacy of terror lives on after all these years. You’ve inherited it.† â€Å"So, what, they see me as some kind of tyrant?† He shrugged. â€Å"You’re their queen,† he repeated, as though that explained everything. I’d never wanted to be queen. I certainly didn’t want to be seen as some kind of despot queen either. I didn’t want these eyes upon me, these eyes that all seemed to be filled with apathy, judgment, and a kind of weary defeat. I breathed a sigh of relief when we reached what looked to be the halfway point. All of a sudden, a man stepped in front of us, bringing us to a halt. He was an older gentry, tall and gray-haired. He was skinny and clothed only a little better than the rest, though there was an air of dignity and authority that made him stand out. When he saw he had our attention, he swept me a bow so low, his face nearly touched the dusty road. â€Å"To Eugenie, great queen of the Thorn Land, I offer the most humble greetings of your servant, Davros.† At least, that’s what I think he said. He was bent so low that his words came out muffled. I glanced uneasily at the others in my group, unsure what to do. They all remained silent and looked at me expectantly. Oh, sure. They were full of advice back at Maiwenn’s, but when it came to peasants groveling in the road? That was apparently all me. â€Å"Please, um, stand up,† I managed at last. â€Å"Um, Davros.† He rose, clasping his hands in front of him, looking totally overwhelmed that I’d used his name. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty. I am the mayor of this village. Words cannot express what an honor it is to have you among us.† Considering what Rurik had just told me about my reputation here, I wasn’t entirely sure I believed Davros’ words. I forced a smile. â€Å"Thanks. We’re just passing through on our way back to the castle.† Davros spread his hands wide. â€Å"I hope, then, that you’ll consider resting and taking a brief refreshment in my home.† â€Å"Oh, well, that’s really nice, but-â€Å" Shaya cleared her throat loudly. I glanced over at her. She gave me a pointed look that gave no question to what she wanted me to do. Grimacing, I glanced back down at poor, groveling Davros. Damn. I wanted nothing more than to get out of the Otherworld right now. I didn’t want to stop for teatime. You read "Thorn Queen Chapter Four" in category "Essay examples" My expression must have looked scary because Davros blanched and lowered his head meekly. I sighed. â€Å"We’d love to.† Mayor or not, Davros didn’t have a very big house. Only Shaya, Rurik, and I joined him inside, while the rest of my party milled around outdoors. From the village, Davros had invited a few other important officials, as well as his wife and two grown sons. We sat at a round oak table while his wife served us red wine and something that reminded me of baklava. I sipped only a little of the wine, not wanting to risk dehydration in this weather. I wasn’t much better at making conversation here than at Maiwenn’s, but fortunately, there was no need for me to do anything. Davros and his associates kept the talking going, most of the conversation centering on how glad they were that I had come by, what an honor it was to meet me, how they hoped I’d call on them if I needed anything, et cetera, et cetera. Which was why it was a bit shocking when Davros’ wife suddenly asked, â€Å"But if you would, your majesty, please tell us what it is we’ve done to displease you. We’ll do anything at all to make amends and gain your favor once more. Anything.† I almost choked on the honey cake. â€Å"What do you mean†¦displease me?† The villagers exchanged glances. â€Å"Well†¦,† said Davros at last. â€Å"There must be something. You’ve placed a blight on the land, stripping us of our water and food. Surely we’ve done something to warrant your most righteous displeasure.† â€Å"You need only let us know what it is,† piped in someone else. â€Å"We will do anything you require to lift this curse from us.† This was the most astonishing thing to happen to me all day-which was saying something. I looked at Shaya and Rurik for help, having no clue how to respond to this. For a moment, I thought they would once again make me fend for myself, until Shaya finally spoke. â€Å"The residents had built their lives around the shape of the land when Aeson ruled it, when it was the Alder Land. When it transformed itself to you, their old ways no longer worked. Their crops don’t grow in this weather. The wells have run dry.† I stared at her in shock. Never, never had this occurred to me-but then, it wasn’t like I’d spent a whole lot of time thinking about the Thorn Land. Most of my energy had been spent on figuring out how to avoid it. Studying Shaya, I wondered how long she’d known about this. I somehow doubted there was much that went on around here that she didn’t know about. From the looks of Rurik’s averted gaze, it appeared as though he’d known about this problem as well. Both knew how upset I got when forced to deal with any sort of queenly issues. So both had spared me the details while these people suffered. I turned back to Davros. â€Å"It’s not a curse†¦it’s, I don’t know, it’s just the way the land is. The way I wanted it to be.† Astonished looks met me, and I could only imagine what a freak I sounded like. When Aeson had ruled, this land had been green and lush, filled with forests and fertile farmland. Who in their right mind would turn it into a desert? Davros confirmed as much. â€Å"But this land†¦this land is impossible to survive in,† he said. â€Å"Not where I come from,† I told him. â€Å"This is like the land I grew up in. People live and flourish there.† People also had modern ways of bringing in water and shopping for whatever other stuff they might need. And that wasn’t even taking air-conditioning into account. â€Å"How?† he asked. I didn’t know how to readily answer. I didn’t really understand the intimate details of my world’s infrastructure. I turned a faucet and water came out. I went to the grocery store and bought milk and Pop-Tarts. Desperately, I racked my brain and tried to pull out elementary school lessons about Arizona’s history. â€Å"Irrigation,† I said lamely. â€Å"Squash, I think. And, um, corn.† Had the natives grown corn? Or was I getting confused by stereotypes? Shit. I was so ignorant. The only thing I felt confident of was that Pop-Tarts were not cultivated natively in Arizona. The looks the others gave me told me I wasn’t helping this situation any. I glanced at Shaya and Rurik, but this time, no help came. The full weight of what I’d done started to sink in. Maybe I hadn’t wanted this land. Maybe I hadn’t intentionally turned it into a mirror of wild Tucson. The point was: it was done. The Thorn Land was as it was, and taking in these ragged and starving people, I realized it was all my fault. Only, I had no clue how to fix it. I was too much a product of modern innovation. There was nothing I could do. Scratch that. There was one thing I could do. I abruptly stood from the table, catching everyone by surprise. As custom dictated, they all hastily scrambled and rose as well. Without explaining myself, I headed outside, back out into the village. Behind me, I could hear Davros babbling something, apparently thinking they’d again caused offense. They probably thought I was about to send lightning bolts from the sky. As it was, that might not have been a bad idea-if I actually had that power. These people could certainly use rain. But one rainstorm wouldn’t fix things, and I could hardly do it day after day. Instead, I walked out to the middle of the street and came to a halt. My guards straightened up, awaiting my orders, and other residents stopped to see what was happening. Those from Davros’ gathering soon poured out of the house and joined everyone else. I closed my eyes, opening myself to the world around me. I smelled the clean, fresh scent of the desert and the faint, faint breeze blowing through it. The setting sun warmed my skin. Then, I pushed deeper, reaching out to that which the magic within me instinctively bonded to. I felt the minuscule water vapor in the air, but that wasn’t what I wanted. I had to go further. I sent my magical senses into the ground, seeking water throughout the village. None. I remembered what Shaya had said about wells drying up, which meant the surface wasn’t going to yield anything. That meant I’d have to go deeper still. There. Back in the direction we’d entered town, I felt a hit. I opened my eyes and strode toward it, the water calling to me. I was vaguely aware of a crowd following me, but I paid them no attention. Only the water was my goal. When I reached the spot, I found that it was just on the town’s outer edge. A mesquite tree grew nearby, which should have been a tip-off. They had deep feelers that penetrated the earth in search of moisture. I too sent my power into the ground, trying to summon the water up. There was a lot of dirt between me and it, and I realized it wouldn’t do these people any good in the long term to just suck it to the surface right now. I turned around and found Davros right behind me, face anxious. I pointed to the ground. â€Å"You guys need to dig here. Right now. There’s water here.† He stared at me, mouth agape. A moment later, he snapped out of it and turned to those nearest him. â€Å"You heard the queen! Fetch shovels immediately. And find anyone who can work with the earth.† Earth magic. A smart idea. Gentry didn’t have bulldozers or drills, but they did have people who could throw around huge piles of dirt, which was pretty sweet for this kind of thing. Dorian-who was probably the strongest earth user in the Otherworld-could cause earthquakes and level buildings. In minutes, a group had assembled. I tried to take a shovel and help, but that nearly caused Shaya and Davros to have a heart attack. Queens didn’t do that kind of work. Instead, I stepped back, watching as the other villagers used magic and manual labor to dig where I’d indicated. When the hole grew too deep for shovels, the village’s two earth-magic users took over. Even combined, they were nowhere near Dorian in strength, but they definitely sped the process along, kicking up towers of dirt along the sides. Finally, I heard a great cheer. Everyone else and I crowded to the hole’s sides, peering down. It was deep in the ground, but muddy water was slowly filling up the bottom. I looked at Davros. â€Å"Can you guys turn this into a well?† I certainly hoped so because I sure as hell had no idea how to do it. I imagined it involved stones and a bucket, but maybe that was just my naà ¯ve fairy-tale images. His head bobbed eagerly. â€Å"Yes, yes, your majesty. Thank you, your majesty.† After that, it was nearly impossible to leave. I was regarded as a miracle worker. I was no longer the tyrant queen. I was their savior, the generous and wonderful monarch who had brought life to their land. I declined their pleas to stay and celebrate but told them I’d be back with other ways to save their town. Admittedly, I had no idea what that would entail, but mentioning such a minor detail would have seriously brought down everyone’s mood. When we were finally mounted up and able to head out, I suddenly felt a tug on my shoe. Surprised, I looked down and saw a middle-aged man gazing up at me. A similarly aged woman stood close beside him. â€Å"How dare you touch the queen!† gasped Davros. From his face, it looked like he was seriously afraid I might level the town. I waved him off. â€Å"It’s okay.† The man who’d pulled my leg regarded me pleadingly. â€Å"Please, your majesty. My wife and I have a boon to ask of you!† â€Å"That’s a favor or a request,† said Rurik helpfully. â€Å"I know what a boon is,† I snapped. I looked back down at the couple, unwilling to make any promises yet. â€Å"What is it?† The man put his arm around the woman. â€Å"We’ve heard that you’re both a great warrior and a great magic user.† â€Å"And clearly kind and compassionate,† added his wife. â€Å"And?† I asked. â€Å"And very beautiful and-â€Å" â€Å"No,† I exclaimed. â€Å"I mean, what’s your boon?† â€Å"Our daughter has been taken,† the woman said, eyes filling with tears. â€Å"We beg you to help us get her back.† â€Å"Whoa. That might be a little beyond my reach,† I told them. â€Å"When you say taken, do you mean, like, kidnapped?† They both nodded, and I was swept by a strange sense of deja vu. I’d first stumbled into this Otherworldly mess when I’d been hired in the human world to also find a missing girl. The girl had turned out to be Jasmine, though I’d had no clue at the time that she was half-gentry, let alone my sister. Was my life destined to be filled with missing girls? Davros stepped forward, looking upset and embarrassed. â€Å"Your majesty, please ignore them for troubling you with something so meaningless. Their daughter was not taken by anyone. She ran off to Highmore with her lover from a neighboring village.† I glanced at Shaya and Rurik. â€Å"What’s Highmore?† â€Å"Really?† asked Rurik dryly. â€Å"I thought you already knew everything.† I glared at him. â€Å"It’s a city,† said Shaya. â€Å"The largest in this kingdom.† â€Å"Wait, what? I have cities?† I asked, feeling my eyes go wide. The distraught couple interrupted my new revelation. â€Å"Davros is wrong,† the woman said. â€Å"Our daughter did not run off. She was taken by the bandits who live in the passes.† â€Å"Everyone knows they’re there,† added the man. He eyed Davros. â€Å"Them and their beasts. Even you won’t deny their existence. They’ve been there for years, and she isn’t the first girl to disappear.† I turned to Davros. â€Å"Is that true?† He shifted uncomfortably under my gaze. â€Å"Well, yes, your majesty, but such brigands are nothing you need to concern yourself about, just as King Aeson did not.† â€Å"Wait. Aeson knew there were bandits going after you guys and didn’t do anything?† â€Å"Such petty concerns were beneath him,† said Davros. To my astonishment, he seemed to believe that. â€Å"I don’t know,† I said slowly. â€Å"If a monarch doesn’t take care of that kind of thing, I’m not really sure what they’re supposed to do.† Truthfully, I didn’t want to deal with this any more than I wanted any other Thorn Land responsibilities. But the mention of Aeson had stirred my blood. Aeson had been a self-serving asshole, and it pissed me off that he would have left these people to fend for themselves. The only thing I wanted less than to be a ruler was to be a ruler like him. Furthermore, the same fury that Jasmine’s abduction had stirred in me flared up. Maybe it was my own experience with always being chased down by aggressive men, but I hated the thought of any girl facing rape or abduction. It didn’t matter that these were gentry girls and not humans. The principle was the same. Brigands and thieves taking advantage of young girls, of preying on those weaker, had to be stopped. â€Å"I’ll send people to take care of these bandits,† I said finally. Behind me, Rurik made a strange sound. â€Å"But I can’t make any guarantees about your daughter.† The couple’s faces lit up, and they fell to the ground in gratitude. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty!† the woman cried. Her husband chimed in. â€Å"Truly you are generous and magnanimous and-â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, okay, there’s no need for that,† I said hastily. â€Å"Or to kneel. You’re going to get all dirty.† We had just started to ride away when Shaya leaned toward me. â€Å"You’ve made a lot of promises today.† I thought about it. She was right. I’d promised to help them get food, rebuild their infrastructure, and rid themselves of those who preyed upon them. â€Å"Yeah. I guess I did.† She gave me a bemused look. â€Å"And how are you going to accomplish all of this?† I glanced around us, noting that the faces watching us leave town were no longer blank and afraid. They were grateful and adoring. I sighed. â€Å"That,† I told her, â€Å"is an excellent question.† How to cite Thorn Queen Chapter Four, Essay examples

Modern Social Movements and Politics Free Sample

Question: Describe about the Social Movements and Critical Analysis of social movements with the help of the Anti-Apartheid Movement? Answer: Social Movements Introduction The reason behind the protests carried out by people has been the reason for research for the social scientists since a number of years. Le Bon, a French psychologist, who is considered to be the founding father of action studies, had stated that all kinds of protests conducted all over are a certain form of deviant behavior. The psychologist had developed this theory observing the crowds in his country France during 1890. This period is particularly significant since during this time there was huge social unrest in the country (Della Porta and Diani, 1999). The scholar believed that the fundamental basis of the transformation of the thought process of the humans were a result of the destructions carried out in the religious and political beliefs that combined with the new conditions of thought and existence that were created depending on the new scientific and industrial inventions. He further stated that with regard to the social protests and movements there are a number of ideas t hat has evolved from the past which even though are to some extent destroyed still possess a lot of power and there are also ideas which are new but they are yet to be completely formed. The theory of social movement can be considered as an interdisciplinary study included in the study of social sciences that attempts to describe the reasons behind the causes of social mobilization and the various forms of its manifestation and the probable consequences that it has on the cultural or political or social arenas. Social movement can be considered as a sort of a group action. In most of the cases these groups which conduct these movements are huge with a wide variety of individuals participating in them. Sometimes these groups are informal or are formed of organizations instead of individuals and generally all these social movements focus on any specified social or political issue. The study of political science and sociology while conducting research has recognized a number of theories and research in the phenomenon of social movements. For instance, there are some research which focuses on the relationship between the social movements that are gradually gaining grounds and the formations of the political parties. Further there are some that stress on the social movements and their functions with regard to the setting of different agendas and influence on politics (EVA, 2004). The researcher in this study aims to examine a particular social movement and critically analyse the theoretical perspectives of social movements with the support of cases. Modern Social Movements and Politics During the contemporary times it can be observed that there are a number of social movements that has been possible as a result of the increase in the literacy and education of the people all around the world. Further, during the 19th century, there was an increase in the mobility of labor as a result of the increase in the industrialization and urbanization of the societies (Fadaee, 2014). The increase in the extraordinary growth in the number of social movements in the present times is a result of the freedom given to individuals with regard to education, expression and economic independence (EVA, 2004). Nevertheless, many scholars state that there are other reasons for social movements such as the uprisings and protests against the western colonial powers. In most cases it has been observed that social movements have mainly been associated with the democratic and political systems (Tilly, 2004). Sometimes these social movements have also been associated with the issues of democrat izing the nations and are observed that these movements have flourished more after the nations have democratized. In modern times the social movements have flourished with the help of innovative technology and the use of internet as these Medias help to mobilize with the people in the international level. For successful social movements it is essential that these movements adapt to the communication trends. Theoretical Perspectives of social movements There are a number of theoretical approaches in social movement that has been categorized by the scholars under structural or social or constructive models. Structural approaches can be further divided under the category of political process and resource mobilization. Political process is an approach that lays emphasis on the political features of the collective actions. Research mobilization is another approach that stresses on the organization and its aspects and resources. The social and constructive approach is another kind of approach that lays stress on the various questions about how the individuals and the groups observe, reflect and interpret the various conditions and emphasizes on the different roles of cognitive and affective roots of the contentions. This particular approach has been widely classified under the three primary concepts. These are framing, emotions and identity. Sometimes the concept of culture is also included in this category. With regard to the social and psychological approaches to the social movements these are regarded as the key components in this area (Oommen, 2010). According to the social psychologists generally people live in an observed world. This means that they usually respond in accordance to what they observe and how they interpret such observations. In order to understand the reasons for the people to protest, it is necessary to understand the methods in which people observe and interpret the world. Hence it can be construed that social psychology is one medium that focuses more on the subjective variables and therefore this approach is more perfect as compared to the social and constructive approaches. The above discussion has been given in the form of a table for constructive understanding of the study on social movements (Social movement theory: Past, n.d.). While summing up the different theories of social movement, these theories can be categorized into four different types. These theories are collective behavior theory, resource mobilization theory, the new social movements theory and the action-identity theory. The first theory of collective behavior can be identified as the orthodox study on social movements. Most of the scholars who support this approach state that social movements are half-balanced responses for the some abnormal conditions that exist between the primary social institutions (Ruiz-Junco, 2012). These responses tend to break down the entire social system. Scholars explain that this is the mechanism that is resulting in the surfacing of the social movements. The second approach which is the resource mobilization on the contrary describes the reasons for the surfacing of the social movements which would be considered as the reactions that the society gives when social changes take place. This approach gives a positive view of the social movements and considers it to be a medium to re-establish the order in the society according to the fresh changes in the society. However, it must be noted that the causes for the coming up of the social movements can be explained only in a general manner and it actually do not connect with the contents. The new value approach on the other hand does not connect with the class interests and deals more with the values. Before the establishment of the industrial society there were old values and after the establishment of the society there are new values. The social movements of the post industrial societies it can be observed that these social movements are similar to that of the new social movements (Staggenborg, 2011). The final approach which is the action-identity approach is in some way a bit different from the others. This approach focuses on the dissimilarities between the post industrial and the industrial societies. However this does not discard the structure of the class approach. According to this approach, the classes during the post industrial society are quite different from the industrial society but there still exist similarities between the material interests. Case Study: Critical Analysis of social movements with the help of the Anti-Apartheid Movement Throughout centuries there have been a number of social movements around the globe that has focused various revolutions, democratization of nations etc. In this research study the researcher has chosen the social movement on Anti-Apartheid. This Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) was previously known as the Boycott Movement. This movement was initiated by a British Organization and it was this organization that acted as the epicenter for this international movement. The primary objective of this movement was to oppose the system of apartheid that was prevalent in the country of South Africa and to support the non white people existing in the country. This movement was first initiated as a response to an appeal by Albert Luthuli. This movement was later established in the year 1959 during a meeting held for the exiles of South Africans and their supporters. The famous members of this organization were Steve Naidoo, Ros Ainslie, Peter Koinange and Claudia Jones. One of the tragedies that triggered greater response to this movement was the Sharpeville massacre that took place in March 1960. It so happened that around sixty nine protestors were shot dead by the South African police and as a result of this incident there was a requirement for instance action. Later this organization was renamed as the "Anti-Apartheid Movement". After the name was changed the boycott group to a much broader area that would now coordinate all kinds of the work on behalf of anti- apartheid and this kept the apartheid policy in South Africa in the forefront for the British politics. This campaign propagated that apartheid be removed completely from the country of South Africa and any non inconsistency would result in the economic sanctions for them (Fieldhouse, 2005). During this time, one of the largest foreign investor for the country of South Africa was United Kingdom and this country was also the third biggest export market for United Kingdom. Hence it can be observed that primary causes for United Kingdom in entering into the social movement for the Apartheid is also dependent on a number of other related reasons such the economic stability of the countries, the political pressure that was on the countries with regard to this agitation etc. This particular movement was existent for almost thirty five years and during these thirty five years thousands of people in the country of Britain became associated with the Anti-Apartheid Movement campaign until the first democratic elections were held in the country of South Africa in the year 1994. This was one social movement were a number of different methods were incorporated in order to make this movement a success. Campaigns were conducted in order to release the detained people who were detained without any trials. They compelled for the cancellation of the Springbok cricket tour in the year 1970 (Fieldhouse, 2005). Some of the well known British companies sold off their South African subsidiaries and encouraged the social movements. Some of the companies also conducted national boycott for the imported goods of the South African nations and finally they also held concerts in order to demand the release of the Apartheid leader Nelson Mandela. The resource mobilization approach of social movement is reminded with regard to the Anti Apartheid Movement. As most scholars state that in general cases the approach of any social movement is such that it gives a positive approach of the social movement and also attempts to establish the societal order in accordance to the new changes and new advancements of the society. Conclusion As concluding remarks social movements can be considered as expression to protest which flourish in cases where the state is moderate and is also not consistent with the uses of repression. It is the structure for the political opportunities that identify the social movements with ease and consider them to be included. However, it must be noted that none of the social movements are staying forever. Each of these social movements has a limited lifecycle. First they are created, then they gradually grow and slowly they achieve success or fail and finally they stop existing. Also in most cases the social movements tend to evolve only in those time and places where they are likely to get a friendly environment and good support. References Della Porta, D. and Diani, M. (1999).Social movements. Oxford: Blackwell. EVA, F. (2004). Social Movements are Political Movements. What's Geopolitics?.Geopolitics, 9(2), pp.478-483. Fadaee, S. (2014). Understanding European Movements: New Social Movements, Global Justice Struggles, Anti-Austerity Protest.Social Movement Studies, 14(2), pp.251-253. Fieldhouse, R. (2005).Anti-apartheid. London: Merlin. Oommen, T. (2010).Social movements. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Ruiz-Junco, N. (2012). Feeling Social Movements: Theoretical Contributions to Social Movement Research on Emotions.Sociology Compass, 7(1), pp.45-54. Social movement theory: Past, p. (n.d.).Social movement theory: Past, present and prospect. [online] Academia.edu. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/988496/Social_movement_theory_Past_present_and_prospect [Accessed 24 Feb. 2015]. Staggenborg, S. (2011).Social movements. New York: Oxford University Press. Tilly, C. (2004).Social movements, 1768-2004. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.

Disabled Babies Have Human Rights Which We Must Let Them Enjoy

Introduction The killing of unborn babies because of genetic disability can never be justified. People who procure abortion because their unborn children have body defects should elucidate the motive behind going for genetic screening. The negative outcome of genetic screening also indicate that either of the parents had a recessive gene for disability. In that case, a parent should think deeply before making a decision to murder an unborn child.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disabled Babies Have Human Rights Which We Must Let Them Enjoy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper avoids discussions about the legality or illegality of abortion. The author is opposed to abortion on the grounds of genetic disability because parents sometimes make illegitimate decisions. The proponents and opponents of abortion have strong discussion points. The compelling views in support of the termination of developing foetus o n the grounds of genetic disability are unimportant and the author takes a stance that the action is unjustifiable because people with disability enjoy human rights and that disability does not connote inability. Background Presently, technological sophistication makes it promising to discover abnormalities in unborn children. Expectant mothers undertake routine prenatal screening and testing. The widespread screening procedures can discover disabilities associated with genes on unborn babies (Johnstone 89). The mothers of such children normally have the option of delivering their disabled babies and caring for them for the rest of their lives or murdering them. However, expectant women sometimes use screening results to justify abortion. Genetic disability is not justification for abortion Sadly, some 54,559, 615 Americans have not lived to pursue their life opportunities since 1973 through to 2011 because their lives were terminated through abortion (Minnesota Citizens Concerned f or Life). This is an indication that abortion should not continue based on insubstantial grounds. Aborting unborn children because of genetic disability is similar to approving eugenics. The reasons why terminating a foetus is unjustifiable supersedes any other compelling debate. A foetus is a life and terminating its development amounts to manslaughter (Shafer-Landau 442). The psychological and physical results of abortion are simply unbearable. Women suffer traumatic nightmares when the bloody babies they aborted cry and call them as they sleep. Women feel worthless and depressed for negating motherly responsibilities (Orshan 28). Proponents Argument Abortion advocates suggest that unborn children are not alive until their delivery and aborting them is not murderous. For them, procuring abortion has nothing to do with discrimination of the disabled child. However, mothers have rights to negate nurturing disabled children (Johnstone 89).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the right of the mother supersedes that of the unborn child. Andrew Imparato, president of the American Association of People with Disabilities is concerned with the thoughts about rights enjoyed by women (Harmon). He observes, â€Å"If the response is simply, ‘You all are just anti-women’s-right-to-choose,’ I think that misses some of the important disabilities rights issues that are being raised† (Harmon). Refutations Proponents offer farfetched ideas about abortion. Their reasoning that unborn children do not have life is shocking. Unborn babies begin to have life a few months after their formation. They breathe and undertake other physiological activities (Shafer-Landau 446). Proponents must understand that disability is the same notwithstanding whether it is from birth or acquired in the course of life. Conclusion The act of terminating life because of di sability is one of the most unethical decisions people can make. We must stand up to curtail the violation of the rights of unborn children because the privileges of disabled people are also human rights. We must inform such women that this world has opportunities for everyone and that adoption services exist to help them nurture the babies rather than murder them callously. Works Cited Harmon, Amy. â€Å"Beyond Row:  New technology may complicate the debates over abortion.† The New York Times, 13 May 2007. Web. Johnstone, David. An Introduction to Disability Studies. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012. Print. Minnesota Citizens Concerned for Life. United States Abortion Statistics. 2012. Web. Orshan, Susan.  Maternity, Newborn, and Women’s Health Nursing: Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan. Pennsylvania, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2008. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Disabled Babies Have Human Rights Which We Mus t Let Them Enjoy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Shafer-Landau, Russ.  Ethical Theory: An Anthology. Massachusetts, MA: Blackwell, 2007. Print. This essay on Disabled Babies Have Human Rights Which We Must Let Them Enjoy was written and submitted by user Haley Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Debunking Ring a Ring a Roses

Debunking Ring a Ring a Roses There is a myth that the British children’s rhyme Ring a Ring a Roses is all about the plague- either the Great Plague of 1665-6 or the Black Death centuries earlier- and dates from those eras. The words describe the contemporary practice in treating it, and refer to the fate so many befell. The Truth The earliest known use of the rhyme is the Victorian era, and it almost certainly doesn’t date back to the plague (any of them). While the lyrics can be interpreted as being loosely connected to death and disease prevention, this is believed to be just that, an interpretation given in the mid-twentieth century by overeager commentators, and are not a direct result of plague experience, or anything to do with it. A Children’s Rhyme There are many variations in the words of the rhyme, but a common variant is: Ring a ring a rosesA pocket full of posesAtishoo, AtishooWe all fall down The last line is often followed by the singers, usually children, all falling down to the ground. You can certainly see how that variant sounds like it might be something to do with the plague: the first two lines as references to the bundles of flowers and herbs which people wore to ward away the plague, and the latter two lines referring to illness (sneezing) and then death, leaving the singers dead on the ground. It’s easy to see why a rhyme could be connected to the plague. The most famous of these was the Black Death, when a disease swept across Europe in 1346–53, killing over a third of the population. Most people believe this was the bubonic plague, which causes black lumps over the victim, giving it the name, although there are people who reject this. The plague was spread by the bacteria on fleas on rats and devastated the British Isles as much as continental Europe. Society, economy, and even war was changed by the plague, so why wouldn’t such a massive and horrifying event have ingrained itself into the public consciousness in the form of a rhyme? Robin Hood’s legend is about as old. The rhyme is linked to another outbreak of plague too, the Great Plague of 1665-6, and this is the one which was seemingly stopped in London by the Great Fire burning a huge urban area. Again, there are surviving stories of the fire, so why not a rhyme about the plague? One common variant in the lyrics involves ashes instead of atishoo, and is interpreted as either cremation of corpses or skin blackening from the diseased lumps. However, folklorists and historians now believe that the plague claims date only from the mid-twentieth century, when it became popular to give existing rhymes and sayings older origins. The rhyme began in the Victorian era, the idea it was plague-related began only a few decades ago.  However, so widespread was the rhyme in England, and so deep in children’s consciousness did it lodge, that many adults now connect it to the plague.

Politics of the knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politics of the knowledge - Essay Example In the book â€Å"Way of Knowing†, the Jonathon Moses and Torbjom Knutsen have described both logics in a simple manner and its effect on human behavior with respect to their social and political domains. Contextually, both logics have constituted strong patterns within the nature of human beings. As described in the book, â€Å"Naturalism† focuses only laws of nature wherein it creates a belief that nature is the ultimate source of living. Accordingly, the reading described these two logics with the help of god and giant. God is represented as â€Å"Naturalism† and Giant is represented as â€Å"Constructivism†. As argued in the book, traditional values and beliefs have altogether made social and political patterns complex and unreasonable for modern society. Therefore, social science can help to break these two logics and make the social and political patterns of modern culture more worthy. According to the stated book, social science can change the socia l and political patterns of traditional culture and develop a modern culture that would further help the philosophers of the social sciences domain to create new patterns. From the above discussion, it can be accordingly comprehended that social science makes the traditional logic more complex for social and political patterns. With the help of modern social science, both logics can be reconstructed that will further make the social and political patterns more worthy for the

Impact of Social Web on Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of Social Web on Society - Research Paper Example Te people using social websites are able to distribute/share private information, such as blog entries, photographs, and videos. There is an example of a social website that is MySpace. This social website is very famous equally with music groups and individuals, who want to share information about their tour dates, and distribute their songs on their profile pages (Bowles, 2010; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Kulshreshtha, Kumar, & Sehgal, 2011). In addition, one of the most important advantages of social websites is that they are very supportive and useful method to stay in touch with many people (friends, relatives, colleagues etc.). In this scenario, if an individual has interesting news which he/she desires to share with other people (friends, relatives or community), with social web it turns out to be very simple since he/she can add/enter it on his/her personal bulletin board and it will be distributed or transferred to the people to whom he desires to share. In this way, the social networking sites play a major role in meeting with new people, whatever the purpose of it (a business deal or friendship) (Parrack, 2012; Dubai School of Government, 2011; Schultz, Schwepker, & Jr, 2012).

Why Public Relations Professionals Should Use Facebook Essay

Why Public Relations Professionals Should Use Facebook - Essay Example Public relations professionals’ use of social media can have a direct impact on their personal and professional stock of social capital. Social media are not a substitute for face-to-face interaction implying that they are a compliment. Through social media, public relations professionals may develop personal relationships that they can utilize to provide benefits for their employers. Additionally, they may build public relationships between the organization they represent and those with whom they communicate (Duhà ©, 2007). Massachusetts-based writer Paul Gillian, author of the new influencers’; A Marketer’s Guide to the New Social Media, said, â€Å"...public relations professionals don’t have a choice. The average age of an evening news viewer now is 60, and there’s a segment of the population you have to reach that does not use those channels. But it (social media) gives the PR professional a greater chance of success because you are not dealing with the all-or-nothing proposition that was mainstream media† (Breakenridge & Solis, 2009). This clearly demonstrates how it is imperative that the PR profession should use social media in order to meet a wider population of their target group. Additionally, to PR Professionals, social media and networks have the advantage that they act as forms of proactive outbound customer service with a twist of social marketing. These networks engage customers on their turf, using their channels of communication, to help customers and potential customers solve problems and find information, or simply to engage them invaluable dialogue.   

Bogland and Tollund Man | Seamus Heaney

Bogland and Tollund Man | Seamus Heaney Postmodernism in Heaneys Poems Bogland and Tollund Man Introduction This research is a case study including discussions and analysis of two poems by Seamus Heaney, one of the postmodern poets. The poems, which are going to be analyzed, are: Bogland and The Tollund Man. In Heaneys poetry we can see a connection between the mythical and the logical, the past and the present, to describe his thoughts and emotions, concerning the Irish troubles and human experiences. Heaney represent his feelings toward these problems by using imagery and structural techniques that are present in his poems . Chapter one of this study is a review of the ideology of postmodernism with emphasis on postmodernism and poetry. It also includes the meaning of postmodernism, different views and criticism on Heaneys poetry and his ideas about the principles of imagism. Chapter two analyzes the poem Bogland and reveals some points in describing the poem such as its national sides and two key images in the poem and explains how the poet has achieved and used them in his poems. It also discusses about Heaneys essay on a poem called The Bog People by P.V Globe. Chapter three is about the poem The Tollund Man and refers it to the deadly and violent features existing in The Bog People. It discusses how the corpses from ancient world and primitive customs present themselves to the poem. Its also about the strangeness in todays conditions and how Heaney changes his descriptive statements and emotional account into images in his poetry. It says that what is considered is the history of present and the whole world is in imaginative language. Heaneys poetry is the imagination and dreams of freedom in his mirror and writing these poems is an act of expressing what is happening in his mind. Today postmodernism is considered as a reproduction of ancient traditions. Postmodernism like modernism, follows the ideas of rejecting boundaries between high and low forms of art, rejecting inflexible genre distinctions, and emphasizing parody, irony and playfulness.1 Postmodernism points to a growing reality in culture. Anything fast, image centered, any thing that shocks or no longer keeps the tradition in itself can be considered postmodern. Dr. Christopher Carter, one of the professors at University of Louisville believes: From Adrienne Rich to Jacques Derrida, poets continually attack conventional boundaries, recondition them, ignore them. Postmodern poets often subvert the very forms they appropriate. They pose as different selves while refusing to speak for anyone, risk the same audiences they attract, revitalize senses and emotions flattened by mass market culture. They compose a cacophonous music which thrives on interruption and frustrated expectation. Sonnets might have fourteen links, but seldom fourteen lines. Language, that cultural prison, becomes a site of communal resistance. 2 Postmodernism can also be considered in poetry. Among the famous postmodermn poets are: Jacques Derrida, Kathy Acker, Adrienne Rich, Charels Berstein, Yeats and Heaney. Seamus Heaney in an essey From Feeling to Word in 1974 has described his poetic life and the development of his poetic intelligence, and he believes that at first a man starts to work just like any other imitators and then what he learns is actually his special technique in poetry, he call it craft of writing. Then the poet achieves some results about technique, and in fact it is a collection of skills that the poet uses to create his own style and method. About The Bog People he writes: I admire the range of a poems criticism to be more colorful, and I like it to be more firm. The words allow you to have this two-faced encounter. They smile at their readers way of reading and wink at the poets way of using them. Of course, behind them there is much symbolic theorization, but not that in my conscious movement toward writing poetry. I was guided by the symbolic prescriptions, but I agree with a amalgam of generalities that in a vague way can best describe that symbolic label.And I find the principles of imagism, methodology of the symbolism, interesting: presenting an image as a mental and emotional knot in a moment of time. I think all of these were inevitable by considering the course I had in English literature that reached its peak with Eliot and Yeats.3 This part of modernists tradition needs no explanation. Heaney was also conscious of this matter and therefore maybe because of this, in an essay in 1974, that is an important essay for understanding his poetical grows, he talks about these matters in detail. Writing about Heaney in 1968, Jim Hunter said: His own involvement does not exclude us: there are few private references, and the descriptive clarity of his writing makes it easy to followHeaneys world is a warm, even optimistic one: his tone is that of traditional sanity and humanity.4 Heaney described his area by writing Digging as the first poem of his first book. In this and many later poems, like Tony Morisons, he was concerned about the oppressed. After writing the powerful bog poems of North (1975), he was considered as a political poet and was forced to live in the Irish Republic. The troubles of Ireland continued in his poems, but the richer harmonies in Field Work (1979), Station Island (1984), The Haw Lantern (1987), Seeing Things (1991), and The Spirit level (1996) show his strong intelligence in poetry, and thats why Robert Lowell considers him as the best Irish poet since W.B Yeats. Heaney is the winner of the 1995 Noble Prize for literature. Seamus Heaney and Bogland The year 1969 is a significant year for Heaney, when he published Bogland. In this poem Heany brought himself from modernism to the postmodernism. It is rarely seen that all of the poets in passing from modernism to postmodernism experienced all of his points completely. Two key images that have an important role in his sight, especially when we move from his earlier poems, are untouched corpses and bog. How did the poet achieve these two images? The images are important because firstly, they dont seem to have any mythological side and secondly, no one before Heaney has used them in poetry in this way. We see no trace of them neither in the plays of Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw, J. M. Synge or Yeats and no sign of them in the short stories and novels of James Joyce, Samuel Beckett or Yeats poems. Irish writers had taken no notice of these boggy corpses until the publication of Heaneys poems. But Heaney himself not only mentioned the presence of those corpses and the bog but also established a reality that has now become a part of Ireland history. The poem goes like this: We have no prairies To slice a big sun at evening Everywhere the eye concedes to Encrouching horizon, Is wooed into the cyclops eye Of a tarn. Our unfenced country Is bog that keeps crusting Between the sights of the sun. Theyve taken the skeleton Of the Great Irish Elk Out of the peat, set it up An astounding crate full of air. Butter sunk under More than a hundred years Was recovered salty and white. The ground itself is kind, black butter Melting and opening underfoot, Missing its last definition By millions of years. Theyll never dig coal here, Only the waterlogged trunks Of great firs, soft as pulp. Our pioneers keep striking Inwards and downwards, Every layer they strip Seems camped on before. The bogholes might be Atlantic seepage. The wet centre is bottomless. Heaney reveals some points in describing this poem. First of all is that this landscape reminds him of his childhood. Secondly, bog is not just a landscape but it is a memory. In the past some creatures lived in it or some other sank in it. The butter, which was put beneath the coal to save it from decay, is taken out white and salted, and it hasnt decayed in one hundred years. This memory has national sides, too. Whatever was put in Dublines museum, was a sign of an exploration in the boggy area. The things found in the bog awaken the public and personal memory of the poet. Thirdly the poet uses analogy. Prairie is one of the characteristics of Americas soil. The prairie in the dusk doesnt split the sun in Ireland. Heaney remembers this thought from the memory of American literature. The literature of pioneers, a kind of literature that is written with the opening of Americas continental border. Here, it is not that condition. In this fenceless land, the bog is layered and in each l ayer that is taken by Irish pioneers, the past generations, in former years have set up a camp. Here, the pioneer doesnt proceed, but he goes down; and here the land will not reach its explanation after millions of years. Extracting coal from here is difficult, because bogs water has softened the firs. Heaney with the image of this bog and this memory reaches his poetical independence. But he doesnt stop in this independence, he tries to bring this subject near to a new way of poetic statement. In fact the reason of Heaneys popularity in Ireland is that he deepens the realm of death, this eternal subject matter of poetry, in the Irish homeland and the death of the language of poetry. Now we come back to two main images of Heaneys poem: bog and corpse. Heaneys indication of The Bog People, published in the same year as Bogland, is not without reason. P.V Globe, the writer of The Bog People, explains fully about the saved corpses of men and women found in Jutland. These corpses are bare and their throats have been cut or they were suffocated. The writer believes that these corpses were put under the coal in the age of Iron, and he thinks that the men corpses were sacrificed in a custom in the age of the motherhood of The Mother Goddess and were sacrificed to guarantee the fertility of the land. The Mother Goddess selects young men as her bedfellows and in the spring she split their blood on the grounds. One of these men whose head is saved in the museum Silkeburg, is named The Tollund Man that is the title of one of Heaneys poems that we are going to discuss in the following chapter. Seamus Heaney and The Tollund Man What took place in the past and accompanied with violence, death and killing, threw itself into a risky future. Heaney, with a reference to these events that happened in his country, wrote the poem Tulland Man. In Death of a Naturalist he says: When I wrote this poem, I experienced a new feeling, the feeling of death(124). Here comes the poem: Some day I will go to Aarhus To see his peat-brown head, The mild pods of his eye-lids, His pointed skin cap. In the flat country near by Where they dug him out, His last gruel of winter seeds Caked in his stomach, Naked except for The cap, noose and girdle, I will stand a long time. Bridegroom to the goddess, She tightened her torc on him And opened her fen, Those dark juices working Him to a saints kept body, Trove of the turfcutters Honeycombed workings. Now his stained face Reposes at Aarhus. II I could risk blasphemy, Consecrate the cauldron bog Our holy ground and pray Him to make germinate The scattered, ambushed Flesh of labourers, Stockinged corpses Laid out in the farmyards, Tell-tale skin and teeth Flecking the sleepers Of four young brothers, trailed For miles along the lines. III Something of his sad freedom As he rode the tumbril Should come to me, driving, Saying the names Tollund, Grauballe, Nebelgard, Watching the pointing hands Of country people, Not knowing their tongue. Out here in Jutland In the old man-killing parishes I will feel lost, Unhappy and at home. The poem is about the forces of fate. The chance of survival for the bog bodies. In the poem, the poet has considered the freedom very important and valuable. There is no society, no group, cold death and outside forces. The first image is an image of a corpse who is quiet and caught in the torc of others. There is an emphasis on his brown skin. He is left unprotected, naked and destroyed but elevated at the same time. There is a harsh feeling connected with the surrounding country. The goddess is part of the country. The only marks it leaves on victims, are the remains of their death, cap, noose and girdle. The isolation from society is emphasized in the poem by dwelling on the strane name such as Tollund, Graubelle, Nebelgard. The at home is just the persons normal state and it is not supposed to be comfortable. The poem has special kind of characteristics similar to Yeats poetry. The most important characteristic of it, is its strangeness in todays condition. The poet didnt need to make a strange world in this poem, but the poem is strange itself, because of those real corpses that were brought out of the bog. . But the poetry of this world, which is entirely strange and frightening, cannot be written just with a descriptive language. We will see that Heaney himself came to this conclusion that offering a landscape even a landscape which is so frightening is not enough. The poets responsibility is not to describe a landscape either its gloomy and savage or its poetical and beautiful. He cant just get affected and then produce his poetry. The main characteristic of a part of modernism in poetry is fragmentary presentation of the pieces. Heaney now, has the subject, has his descriptive statement, has its emotional account, then he changes all of them into images. But in this poem, first of al l he deals with external references because every image of the poem and the pieces of poetry can refer to that event. Corpses from ancient world and from primitive customs present themselves to the poet. Nineteen corpses that earlier had lost their real geography, appears to the poet. Todays world of the poet with these primitive corpses is in danger. The poet himself says that he is in fear. In the field of novel, we have seen distressful worlds in the works of Borges, Nabakov, Italo Calvino and Margues and in poetry in the works of Robert Creely, John Ashbery and now in the works of Heaney that is closer to our time. Who will say corpse? To his vivid cast? Who will say `body To his opaque repose? Heaney is one of the most political poets of the twentieth century, but in spite of social and political matters, he is the poet of presence. He has a certain belief and aim in poetry. The poet sees that after producing his poetry as a progressive conscious of his time and the language of his history and his people, he reveals his dependency in his poetry. When he has passed all these matters, he arrived at a point that the philosophers nowadays call it critical point. Conclusion Heaney can be considered as a poet who showed loyalty to the classic English poetry and modern European-English poetry tradition. But because of his protest against the traditions that is passed to him from the past, he shows his originality by turning away from past and traditional principles to modern conventions. Heaneys poems, which are related to, Sacrifice Ceremonies are, as they were, the images in Heaneys mirror. They are his imaginations and dreams of freedom. What we have is a situation in which the world turns out, according to the logic of the poem, not to an unknown territory at all, but to what the poet always knew but had simply forgotten. It is as if the world is a hidden unconscious thing in the poets imagination, and writing the poems is the act of expressing this world. In these terms, the violence in Ireland is a return of the ceremonies of sacrifice and Heaneys poems show such process. Works Cited Heaney, S. (1966) Death of a Naturalist. Thompson, J. (1991). Contemporary Poetry Meets Modern Theory. Derrida, J. (1997). Grammatology. Heaney, S. (1980). Preoccupations. From Internet: http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/poetry/heaney.htm From Internet: http://athena.louisville.edu/~cscart01/pomopoetry.html From Internet: http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html Notes 1 Dr. Mary Klages, Associate Professor, English Department, University of Colorado, Boulder: http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/pomo.html 2 Dr. Christopher Carter Professors at University of Louisville, Postmodern Poetries March 1999. 3 Seamus Heaney, essay on The Bog People by P. V Globe, 1969 4 From a study guide on internet: http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/poetry/heaney.htm

Proprioception Loss: Blinding the Mind From the Body :: Medicine Medicinal Medical Essays

Proprioception Loss: Blinding the Mind From the Body Proprioception can be described as the mind's awareness of the body. Proprioception provides the central nervous system unconscious information about the body (Bluestone, 1992). The "awareness" of our body may be difficult to understand until we have lost our proprioceptive sense. Researchers concerned with proprioception have usually directed their studies toward identifying in what processes proprioception plays a major role, and what processes may be hindered if proprioception loss is severe. Unfortunately, not much is known about proprioception, or how much proprioception contributes to functional accuracy (Gordon, Ghilhardi, & Ghez, 1995). Sherrington (1961) declares that the proprioceptive receptors, the nerves associated with proprioception, are effective at determining changes inside the organism; which is where the term "proprioception" originates. He explains that proprioceptive receptors are used especially in muscles and their accessory organs. Proprioceptive receptors and some receptors in the labyrinth (equilibrium detector located in the inner ear) work together to form our receptive systems. Finally, Sherrington shares that proprioception is responsible for continuous reflexes in skeletal muscles. In other words, proprioceptive receptors are responsible for detecting when an area of the body is out of its natural state and prompts the muscles to return the area to a resting state. Proprioception may be best understood by looking at cases of proprioceptive loss. To illustrate the profound effects of proprioceptive loss, Oliver Sacks documented a clinical case of a woman who lost all proprioception (1985). Sacks declared that the sense of our bodies relies on three things: vision, the vestibular stystem, and proprioception. His client lost all proprioception and could not walk without watching her own legs, or talk without listening to her own voice. She could not truly determine if she had a body. The patient could not perform any motor movements most people would deem natural without relying on environmental feedback to achieve the simplest maneuver. Oliver Sacks' clinical story reflects how much the mind depends on proprioception for even the most rudimentary actions not thought consciously considered. The following research demonstrates the importance of proprioception. A group of researchers conducted a study to determine the deficits caused by the lack of neck and body proprioception (Blouin et. al., 1995). Their experiment consisted of normal individuals as well as a patient who had permanent and selective loss of neck and whole body proprioception. They determined through clinical tests that the patient could not "maintain upright posture without losing balance [or] perceive passive body rotations with the head stationary" (p.

A Drinking Life: A Memoir

A Drinking Life by Pete Hamill is the story of one man’s struggle with alcoholism and the contributing factors that caused him to be become an alcoholic. A large part of his argument is that during his childhood and adolescence it was considered cool to drink heavily. He stated â€Å"There was a celebration and you got drunk.There was a victory and you got drunk†¦part of being a man was to drink.† (p. 57) Parents have great authority over the formation of social habits of their children even if the children are not aware of this influence. â€Å"†¦parents and peers affect adolescent drinking through two types of social influence: modeling and social control.† (Reifman, Barnes, Dintcheff, Farrell & Uhteg, 1998)Hamill’s father was an alcoholic so he was introduced to it at a young age. Many of his memories are of his father passed out or extremely drunk and he claims this role model gave him the idea that men were supposed to drink. Children of alc oholic parents have a higher risk to be alcoholics themselves. According to Tomori (1994) â€Å"Such adolescents use alcohol to relieve anxiety, reduce dissatisfaction and mistrust, and give vent to accumulated aggression.In adolescents brought up in alcoholic family environments, alcohol, entering through several receptor sites, fills many gaps left over from the development period prior to separation. Their parents–either the alcoholic parent, or the partner living with him/her in co-dependency, or both of them–who are themselves filled with distress, depression, and anxiety, usually cling to their children while at the same time manifesting overt signs of resentment and rejection.In this state of pathological ambivalence, they both reject their children and try to tie them to themselves, thus seriously hindering their separation. As a result, many children of alcoholic parents develop defensive aggression or passive resistance, or take recourse to some other inappr opriate patterns of defensive behavior.†Hamill explains in the book that he was always fighting someone. He either fought in bars or in the street, over an imagined slight or to defend himself but he was more aggressive than the usual person and it was always while he was drinking.Much of the book is devoted to his childhood and adolescence during and after World War II. The secret drinking, which began at a young age, was the classic experimentation that many alcoholics describe as the beginning of their addiction. Hamill tells of his wish to be different from his father and not to become a drunk â€Å"and yet drinking started to seem as natural to real life as breathing.† (p. 107)Hamill paints a picture of a rough Irish Catholic neighborhood and the drinking and fighting that were an integral part of his world. For a time he made his own money, giving some to his mother since his father lost his job. He attended high school and hung out with his friends, all the while increasing his drinking.He did not consider it a problem at first; he believed that he was not drunk as long as he knew where he was and what he was doing. As he entered high school, the drinking increased and became less secretive, due partly to the fact that teenagers were expected to drink and act a little wildly. This, unfortunately, is not beneficial to a decent grade average and Hamill began to fail all his classes after only two years of high school.One thing Hamill sees as a failure on his part is his lack of belief in God. While he does not attribute his addiction to this, he tells of his anger at the church for double standards regarding the poor and the fact that at least one of the priests was â€Å"like my father: a drunk.† (p. 106) This lack of respect for the church prevented him from relying on his faith as many do in times of crisis in their lives.

Essay on Common Worth Banneker

Essay on Common Worth Banneker Essay on Common Worth Banneker During the late eighteen century slavery was still very common throughout the world. Benjamin Banneker, a son of a former slave, was a well-rounded person and was against slavery. Banneker wrote a thought felt letter to Thomas Jefferson, A Founding Father of the declaration of Independence saying how slavery should be abolished. Although Banneker does not want to upset Jefferson, he states how Jefferson is a hypocrite, in a sincere way because he allows slavery when he says all men are created equal. Banneker also explains how Jefferson has experienced slavery as the British colonized his country. In the Declaration Of Independence it is said that, â€Å"we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,...That among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.† Banneker stresses how Franklin is going against the Declaration by allowing slavery. He uses words such as sir, and suffer me to get his point across in a non offensive way. Banneker also talks about how Franklin knows what is right,but does not follow it. Franklin should just put himself in the shoes of the slaves to understand what they are going through. Banneker makes Franklin feel guilty by using a phrase from the bible, â€Å"Put your souls in their souls stead,†thus shall your hearts be enlarged with kindness and benevolence towards them.† Banneker also takes Franklin back to when he was enslaved by the British's colonization and that when Franklin was freed from British rule, his

Captain Mac Whirr essays

Captain Mac Whirr essays The great leadership qualities of Captain MacWhirr It is said that trials and difficult times in life do not produce character, but rather reveal it. Throughout the great typhoon of the sea, and the storm of personalities on board, it is evident that Captain MacWhirr possessed great leadership skills . Whether the Captain had to deal with impatient Jukes or navigate through the horrific storm, justice, temperance, fortitude, and prudence were always on display. One of the necessary qualities for effective leadership is justice. If a person in authority has many talents and gifts to lead, but does not possess justice, factions are inevitable. Justice is the glue that keeps a team or a ship together. Captain MacWhirr demonstrated the character quality of justice in two ways. The first example of justice was demonstrated when MacWhirr commanded that the ship be steered four degrees off course for the comfort of the Chinamen (155). At this time in history all men were not treated equal and the Chinamen were looked upon as lower citizens. Captain MacWhirr refused to look upon them as lesser than himself and was just in going out of his way to ensure their comfort. The second way that justice was effectively demonstrated was in the way that Captain MacWhirr protected the Chinamen from fighting amongst themselves (174). Captain MacWhirr knew that it would take a team effort to be successful on the Sea, and therefore did not allow favoritism. No fighting was allowed on board and that meant the Chinamen also. Captain MacWhirrs leadership was steady because he possessed temperance. It is said that every ship that Captain MacWhirr controlled was a ship filled with peace and harmony (140). Anytime a captain was surrounded by a group of mortal sailors it took great self-control or temperance to keep all in harmony, maintaining an atmosphere of peace. Though Captain MacWhirr felt the loneliness of command, he ...

Job Analyses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Job Analyses - Assignment Example This is because job analysis takes a deep look into what constitutes a given job. The quality of a company’s workforce is determined by the extent to which workers are accustomed to their jobs. The customization process is essentially spread across attraction, selection, and retention of employees. The hiring and firing process within an organization follows the set human resource goals and objectives. In a real-world situation, job analysis is employed as a vital strategy of enhancing human resource practices within an organization. The ultimate concern for any given employer is whether or not his/her workforce will be competitive and productive enough. This concern is accounted for through job analysis for hiring purposes. Essentially, job analysis informs the design of attracting, selecting and retaining quality talent (Anthony, Kacmar, & Perrewe, 2010). Even with the underlying strengths of this approach, its shortcomings cannot be ignored. Aligning job analysis with the hiring and firing policies could conflict one or more aspects of human resource. Notably, job analysis makes it possible for a company to bring on board a team that best suits its overall

Writing two Radio PSAs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing two Radio PSAs - Assignment Example The voices consist of s female and a male. The drama is set in such a way the two actors are holding a discussion, about the discovery of recent research on the effect of smoking on non-smokers. The male character is not aware of the findings of the research and makes it clear to the listeners through asking questions. On the other hand, the female character is energetic and is in control of the discussion. The female character has the details pertaining the cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. The drama is set to take place in a radio studio where there are no noises apart from background music that is fading away at a distance. Silence is used as a gap between scenes to mark the end of a scene. The scenes will end abruptly that will come as a shock to listeners to act as a way of excitement to obtain total attention from the listeners. The silence will take about 2 seconds. The drama ends with both voices agreeing that a no smoking population leads to a long life. The PSAs is a health discussion presented to a radio station by a not-for-profit organization. The not-for-profit body advocates against smoking that leads to death of many people both smokers and non-smokers. The issue of smoking affects both the young and the old in the society. The storyline is follows a group of family members taking a trip to an island to celebrate the success of their business. The drama consists of different sound effects and music at the end of the PSAs. The PSAs targets people between the age of teenagers and adults. In addition, it aims to attract people from both genders that is male and females. In addition, the main audience of the PSAs is from middle and high class in the society. Moreover, the PSAs does not discriminate against any religious background. The sound effects vary according to the preceding statement of the PSAs. In addition, the sound effects are put in between the voice of the announcer. It will

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Enterprise entrepreneurial management - Assignment Example The business planning process – a critical appraisal The typical business planning process may be actually helpful as it aims to convey objectives and missions of the organization to its employees. But, there are several researchers who argue that the entrepreneur should rely on his experience and intuitions rather than waste time on the business planning process. This is because researchers argue that planning may not be successful in the uncertain conditions surrounding the formation of business (Delmar & Shane 2003). Moreover, each component of the business planning process has its own setbacks. Let us analyze each component and find out in what way a business plan can pose as a hindrance. Generating an idea The basic step of a business planning process is to generate an idea. A new venture has to first ascertain the product or the service which it will provide. Most organizations come out with new ideas for a product or a service depending on the data collected from potent ial and current customers. This kind of customer focused process is solely dependent on the information given by customers. However the response given by these people has limitation with reference to the environment and current experience. Hence there may be a discrepancy in the idea generated (Lilien et al. 2002). This may pose as a severe hindrance for the business plan. Moreover, there are other constraints like generation of funds for the new venture. Many business plans may never be formulated due to limitations in the form of competition, technology, lack of funds etc. Strategic goals and objectives The second step in a business plan is to formulate the strategies or tactics which are to be used in order to attain goals and objectives. Strategies may be short term and long term. These are plans which must be followed in order to attain final objectives. However, the very purpose of strategic planning is defeated in today’s changing environment. Due to the uncertainties in market conditions, entrepreneurs may be more successful if they go by their intuitions and experience, rather than going by previously formulated strategic objectives (Mintzberg 1994). Another problem which is ensued in setting objectives is that most plans are formulated outside the business planning process. Also entrepreneurs need to set realistic and achievable goals. It may be very easy to set strategic objectives but very difficult to implement these objectives to the middle and lower management. Most entrepreneurs do not give attention to the fact that the pre determined goals they are setting may be rigid, extremely rational, bureaucratic and dysfunctional at times. Hence, the formulation of potential strategic objectives may not hold true during the implementation process (Shrader, Taylor & Dalton 1984). This is one reason why the strategic objectives should be flexible and top executives need to change it depending on the changing market situations. Market research and analysis The third step in a business plan is to formulate a market plan which takes into account the market promotion and advertisement

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Sensory Perceptions Essay Provide at least three (3) reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information. our senses are the connection between the world and our mind. a lot of philosophers defined our senses as the window of the soul. every senses in our brain work hand to hand and build a combined picture of where we are , who we are, and what is going on in our environment, our thinking and sensing are hardly connected and we rely on accurate observations. KirbyGoodpaster,2007,p54-55). the most tree reasons for believing in the accuracy of sensory information are: a. Touch When we touch something hot, our feeling sense automatically send messages to our brain inform the brain that there is same thing wrong or same thing will cause same kind of pain to the body as result we remove our hand (or other part of the body) before we get burned, or before the pain get worst. b. Smell our sense of smell can distinguish when there is danger. or example, When we smell smoke automatically there is a fire, or least something smoldering as result there is a danger to us, , so we can easily trust the accuracy of that sensory information. c. sight The data given by our sense of sight most of the time gives an accurate data regarding the world around us. for instant, If we see two persons talking, there is no hesitancy about them actually talking. also If we see the sun during the morning, we all know it is not a cloudy morning. (Kemp, Hollywood, Hort, 2009). 2. Identify and describe at least three (3) factors contributing to the accuracy of sensory data. here are many things that can cause an effect to the accuracy of sensory data. the first and the most important one is food. our brain like other body part needs energy in order to work properly as result allow our senses to function well. eating right food with Enough protein and vitamins especially starches will make our brain function properly. without the good nutrition our brain wi ll lacks energy as result will effect our sensory data. the second factor is drugs, it has a major affect to our sensory accuracy. there are many kinds of drugs like narcotics or pain medication can easily affect the function of our brain. he big problem is this kind of medicine will cause body reaction time. also same kind of drug can cause hallucination as result it will cause a serious and log term troubles. Finally, sleep play a big role to contribute on the accuracy of the sensors. we spend a third of our lives doing it. From this sentence we can easy see the importance of sleep to our body is like a reset or refresh to the body include the accuracy sensor and make them ready for the next day. (Girodo, 1999) (KirbyGoodpaster,2007,p69-75). 3. Discuss the roles of ? nature? and ? nurture? with regard to the interpretation and evaluation of sensory data. rom many cultures humans are all so alike, we all have almost the same DNA, and we share almost the same behaviors. However, we are influenced by our family DNA , and by the kind of culture that surrounds us. different   aspect of nurture and nature have affected as result make what kind of personality that I have know. Nature contain the characteristic that are inherited or hereditary from my dynasty, one thing that nature has impacted me is from my mood. according to my mamas story, my mood as an enfant was very calm. this characteris tic keep on as I grow until now I react in very calm way. nd I try to avoid problems as much as I can. an another example of influence of nature is the way that I learn. we I was young I was label as slow learner, I had many problems of memorization skills. this characteristic was due to an inherited from my family.

An Overview Of Semiotics And Structuralism Drama Essay

An Overview Of Semiotics And Structuralism Drama Essay In the early 20th Century Ferdinand de Saussure developed the linguistic theory of semiotics, the study of signs within language and the implications of these signs. This involved the analysis of words within texts but after development could be applied to all kinds of art, even paintings and music. The meanings and signs were discovered by studying why a word had been chosen over another, which in turn developed the idea of binary oppositions, for example it is cold because it is not hot. The signs within a text are differential, and it is important to study the relationship between the signs that are being given, and therefore in performance the audience are being sent many messages from what they perceive and this produces very complex layers of meanings as different signs connect with one another. Even seeing how the words are put together, particularly in old texts where the order is different to now, studying the sentences and which words are put with one another give a deeper meaning to the piece. Saussure introduced the idea of there being a signifier and signified to produce a sign. For example, the word tree would be a signifier, and then in the receivers mind they would produce their idea of a tree and this would be the signified, which when both are put together produce the sign of an actual tree. There are many interesting parts to this idea, for example the arbitrary state of these signs, in that there is no intrinsic link between signifier and signified (Culler, 20) as there is no clear reason why a tree is called a tree. Most words can be classed with this arbitrary argument (except onomatopoeia and words that are formed from two others, such as typewriter) and as a result what is further revealed is that because these words have no clear reason for use, everyone has their own interpretation. As a result different words mean different things to different people, and therefore one person may take a certain sign from an aspect of a piece, whereas another persons interpr etation could produce a completely separate sign from the same aspect. As there are so many cultures and no two people have the exact same experiences, each view of a piece will be very different. This does not make one readers interpretation more important, but in fact all signs picked up by all readers of the piece have to be taken into account, making it more complex than even just one person analysing it. Texts are made more complicated by the fact that they are diachronic, as they mean different things depending on when they are being read. For example, an ancient Greek play would have different meanings to it if seen by an ancient Greek in comparison to a contemporary audience. These contrasts in cultures add even more signs to a piece, as it is the differences between the views that show that one audience is missing a significant part of the meaning, and what this lack of meaning will mean as a result. Consequently it is important to acknowledge what would have been taken from the piece in its original time and place for cultural context. Theologists such as Charles Peirce produced another branch off these original ideas based on the idea of the arbitrary state, by analysing how arbitrary a signifier would be in relation to the sign. What he produced was three tiers symbols (such as a word) which were very arbitrary, indexes would be something more closely connected, (such as a musical note on paper) and icons were the least arbitrary, for example a photo or an actor playing a character. Even though this branched off from Saussures semiology ideas, what was important to take from it was that even if a signifier was an icon and was very close to the sign, still a sign stands for something which is not presentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus reinforcing the absence and metaphysical hollowness that haunt all signification. (Fortier, 22) In light of this, the whole of reality is questioned as if everyones interpretation of a situation is different, and no sign is more valid than another, what truly is reality, when nobody has the sa me view? This is what semiotics takes on as it is used, as every little thing is an interpretation to somebody, and therefore it is hard to see where to stop analysing, leading to unlimited semiosis, (22) as either everything must have a meaning or nothing has. In light of this a performance can be analysed as soon as an audience enters the theatre space, if not earlier. Peirces ideas, though connected, did branch off significantly from Saussures original work, so for this essay Peirces work is acknowledged but Saussures work will be put into use more. From semiology, Roland Barthes saw the significance of interpretation and chose to take this further in his own studies as he developed what is now known as structuralism. In his ideas, he emphasised the Death of the Author: it is language which speaks, not the author; to write is, through a prerequisite impersonalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to reach that point where only language acts, performs, and not me. (Barthes, Image, 143) In this light, the authors only function is to produce the text but the readers interpretation is that which brings the detail to the piece, activating jouissance, an orgasmic joy in the unbridled dissemination of meaning. (Fortier, 24) Similar to semiotics, the use of contrasting cultures can produce resistant reading in structuralism, for if a piece has been produced in the style of one cultures codes, reading it using the codes of a different culture means that the text can be read against itself. Codes were very important to Barthes, seen as cultural definitions, for example to the Western world a cow is often seen just as an animal that produces milk and beef, but to a Hindu culture cows are sacred, so even something as simple as this has hugely contrasting meanings to different cultures, and so codes are put into place to help with this analysis. In his work S/Z, Barthes produced five important Narrative Codes, which were: proairetic, which indicated actions; hermeneutic, providing suspense in questions within the text; cultural, using social norms to define information about characters, referencing outside the text to knowledge that should be common to certain cultures; semic or connotative, which detail characters through theme, connected to the final code, symbolic, which goes further than this to binary pairings and larger themes to create a more detailed image for the reader. (Barry, 51) It is clear that semiotics and structuralism overlap and connect with each other greatly and so can be used together in analysing a piece of text, artwork or similar. In their development it seems as if they fed off each other, each building on the same ideas and creating similar ideas. However the main difference appears to be that semiotics are very focused, studying in detail cultural inferences, whereas structuralism is much broader and looks more at the overall effects of the play. By understanding these systems and theories of how all aspects of a text are codes and symbols for the reader to interpret, they can then be used on a play, such as the medieval play Everyman. Written in the late 15th Century, it is generally thought that this plays origin is the Dutch play Elckerlijc, written about the same time (Patterson, 142). Interestingly in the idea of the Death of the Author, the author is unknown for this piece. As a result any personal influences are immediately ruled out an d simply the readers interpretation can be focused on. In this play, Everyman is preparing to die after a visit from Death, and so asks different allegorical figures to join him on his journey to his final resting place. All of these figures represent certain characteristics of humans, such as Goods, Kindness or Strength, but are vividly fleshed out, for the playwright gives these characters traits and behaviours that make them powerfully real and recognizable as individuals on the stage rather than as abstract moral emblems. (Worthen, 236) As a result the use of gestures and the language style that each character uses would emphasise these traits or attributes, and so semiotics can be used to analyse these in detail. Sadly in this text there are very limited stage directions as with most pieces of that era, so much of the work has to be found within the text itself. This reminds us that a play text is arguably not complete in its own state, as it is simply a tool to be used to produce a performance. In medieval times God was much more prominent than nowadays, and so for God to appear in a play in such a way would have had a significant impact on the audience as a true moral lesson in the dwindling ways of peoples behaviour. However in contemporary audiences who are much more atheist, the full significance of the situation may be lost, as an afterlife is believed in less and less, so this means that the moral must come out of not the religious side of the play but of the morals, to simply encourage people to be better in their way of living rather than to emphasise the preparation of arriving at heavens doors. God, in this play, only appears at the beginning of the play to send Death on his mission but as he is the first proper character to appear his moment is made even more prominent. What is notable about the version in Pattersons Wadsworth Anthology is that when God finishes speaking he withdraws (line 71) whereas all other characters such as Death exit (183). This contrast in word choice implies that God never truly exits, and is therefore still involved in the action on stage, a very subtle religious message to the audience that God is always watching. The text also suggests something about the character of God, as he says they forget clean (30) and clean forsake me (35). Using the word clean as he describes sinners is very symbolic as it reflects Gods willingness to forgive and see people as naturally good people who are corrupted, but the cleanliness of their souls is still evident. In contrast to God, Deaths language seems simpler and more to the point when speaking to him, as he takes no time to talk about himself but offers himself up fully for Gods will: Your commandment to fulfill (65). An audiences first view of this character would see a very obedient character that was sudden and swift, which portrays death in reality, which is often sudden and sharp, striking at an unexpected moment. Already within the first 70 lines the reader has experienced very powerful messages, some of which may have only been absorbed subconsciously but will be brought up constantly throughout the play. Everyman, the human representative in the play, is very interesting to study. He gives off a style of conversation that is very hermeneutic, constantly asking questions until he finally gets the answers he needs. His inquisition suggests that he is very confused and startled by the appearance of Death, as would any human, as well as doubtful of what is happening. However as soon as he understands he seems sorrowful and it is clear that he does believe what he is being told by Death as the questions become less frequent. Sadly though, he seems naÃÆ' ¯ve of reality, saying Death giveth no warning! (132) but this seems foolish as death never gives warnings in real life. His fear of death is shown through his desperation, as he offers Death a thousand pounds if his fate could be delayed, again a sign of naivety. Overall this seems to represent a man who does have faith, who is naturally good, but who has got lost in life and has been distracted by worldly things rather than higher mea nings. On line 184, Everyman says Alas, I may weep with sighs deep! This is a very poetic moment as there is an internal rhyme and a true rhythm to the line, and we can learn a lot just from these words. It gives a general feeling of true sorrow, emphasised by Alas but he also seems a softened character, by the use of weep. Where sob or cry may have been used, the author has provided us with a softer sounding word that creates poetry. The beautiful result is that of grace and compassion, and so the reader feels for and relates closely to the character of Everyman, which is obviously the point of the play. We, as readers, then experience the arrival of the first moral figure Fellowship. Death has just left but clearly the impending doom still lingers in the air, as Fellowship even though oblivious to the recent events uses many words connected to death, such as lifes end (213), die (220), say no more (223) and hell (232). This could be seen as dramatic irony, as these words would sting Everyman because of his most recent experience. As a character he is very friendly and his first words on line 206 (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦good morrow, by this day!) are of enthusiasm and amity. These emphasised, optimistic words suggest that Everyman will be safe after all, and Fellowship vows his companionship to Everyman with words suggesting he would die for the friendship, wanting nothing in return. However in discovery of what is needed, Fellowship fails Everyman and refuses to commit to the journey, even in true friendship. This seems like a comment on human actions, questioning whether all humans are li ke Fellowship, willing to be dedicated and loyal until a true time of need comes and we have to sacrifice something important to ourselves. The despair that comes over Everyman in realisation of the fleeting, worthless relationship would resonate throughout an audience as they realise their own decisions in life. Many of the characters are like this, giving Everyman hope at first but letting him down at the true moment of need. Even Five Wits, Beauty, Discretion and Strength, who all appear to be dedicated to him, fail him at the moment when he reaches the grave. All of these are comments on human observations, as we fail one another in the same way and depend on the wrong things in life. Strength is a very interesting character to analyse as every time he speaks he uses several proairetic words, for example We will bring him all thither, / To his help and comfort, ye may believe me (lines 675-6). This suggests that this strength is to represent both mental and physical strength, as his words are active as well as emotive, as help and comfort have dual functions. The physical aspect is emphasised by reference to Judas Maccabaeus, a Jewish historical warrior, so there is a true feeling of fighting and power which is encouraged further by his words such as in battle fight on the ground (685). H owever, as Strength leaves, it reflects on how fear would overpower Everyman at this point, finally coming to terms with his mortality and feebleness as a human as well as despairing in his inevitable fate. Knowledge, on the other hand, is the figure that saves and guides Everyman in the end. He acts as a helping hand to the protagonist, as he can give him information and provide logic and clear decisions, such as suggesting the visit to Confession. This pushes Everyman forward where he may have been lost before, having not thought to call on Knowledge but was suggested by Good Deeds. This is used within the text to show how when fear arrives, humans struggle to focus and think logically, so the arrival of Knowledge is vital to Everymans continued journey, who soon realises the value of this companion and depends on him: give me cognition (538) so the message of the true worth of knowledge is passed on to the readers. Our final character contact is that of the Doctor, who sums up the whole significance of the tale for the reader. In reality a doctor is a scientific, logical person who can be trusted and is responsible for saving others, so the image of a doctor at the end is very official and makes the meaning that more important to listen to. Stating the point of the play very clearly, he addresses the audience directly (ye hearers, line 903), drawing in the spectators to emphasise the connection between Everyman and every man. He stresses the importance of understanding the moral of the play by saying take it of worth (903) while the word worth plays on the idea of our true values in life and what things are really worth to us. This play has constant religious intonations throughout, a significant example is that it opens with the words I pray and the last line says Amen. This is suggesting that the whole text is a prayer, from start to finish. Additional to this is the constant references to Jesus such as on lines 751 and 894 as well as a variety of other religious figures, which supports the theory that a monk or cleric wrote it. (Patterson, 236) Furthermore, the use of the Angel who uses very soft sounds rather than having words chosen with sharp endings or harsh starts, we get a very peaceful feeling of this character as appears only briefly and suggests a soothing impact on our Everyman. Overall, by analysis we can see deeper emphasises of the various figures and their significance within this story as well as the story of life. Semiosis and structuralism allow us to question words with a more scientific mind to see hidden layers of meaning, giving the whole play a stronger feeling of implication on ou r own life. The author, although unknown, may have written it as a message on his own views, or may have been channelling a message from above, but whether in text or performance the reader is taught that this life is fleeting and we must not hesitate to discover our true priorities on Earth.